13.Roman to Integer

Tags: Easy String Math

Links: https://leetcode.com/problems/roman-to-integer/

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Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.

Symbol       Value
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000

For example, two is written as II in Roman numeral, just two one's added together. Twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X + II. The number twenty seven is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.

Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:

• I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9.
• X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90.
• C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.

Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer. Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.

Example 1:

Input: "III"
Output: 3

Example 2:

Input: "IV"
Output: 4

Example 3:

Input: "IX"
Output: 9

Example 4:

Input: "LVIII"
Output: 58
Explanation: L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.

Example 5:

Input: "MCMXCIV"
Output: 1994
Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.

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class Solution {
public:
    int romanToInt(string s) {
        std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
        cin.tie(NULL);
        cout.tie(NULL);

        unordered_map<char, int> m{{'I', 1}, {'V', 5}, {'X', 10}, {'L', 50}, {'C', 100}, {'D', 500}, {'M', 1000}};
        int res = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) {
            int val = m[s[i]];
            if (i == s.size() - 1 || m[s[i+1]] <= m[s[i]]) res += val;
            else res -= val;
        }
        return res;
    }
};

有几条须注意掌握：

1、基本数字Ⅰ、X 、C 中的任何一个，自身连用构成数目，或者放在大数的右边连用构成数目，都不能超过三个；放在大数的左边只能用一个。

2、不能把基本数字V 、L 、D 中的任何一个作为小数放在大数的左边采用相减的方法构成数目；放在大数的右边采用相加的方式构成数目，只能使用一个。

3、V 和X 左边的小数字只能用Ⅰ。

4、L 和C 左边的小数字只能用X。

5、D 和M 左边的小数字只能用C。

而这道题好就好在没有让我们来验证输入字符串是不是罗马数字，这样省掉不少功夫。

考虑两种情况即可：

第一，如果当前数字是最后一个数字，或者之后的数字比它小的话，则加上当前数字。

第二，其他情况则减去这个数字。